Abstract: The article first considers the heritage specifics of Nikolai Gogol as a satirist from the point of view of the writer's psychology. The close connection of psychology and satire in Nikolai Gogol’s creative work is explained by the Christian understanding of the fall of human nature. According to Nikolai Gogol, a spiritual assessment of an imperfect state of the soul inevitably leads the artist to critical pathos – a state of mind far from ideal cannot be the subject of poetic approval under any pretext, but has the right to claim only a satirical image. The guarantee of the realism of the artistic image is the impartial truth about the fallen man. The fundamental property of Nikolai Gogol's poetics is the creative combination of pastoral conviction with satirical mockery. The artist’s confession about his own shortcomings, the expulsion of vice through laughter, is a means of involving the reader in the process of transformation, the ultimate goal of which is the resurrection of “dead souls”. The paper analyses the role of the diary and confession in the formation of Nikolai Gogol's satire, the writer’s attitude to the “psychologism” of contemporary literature, his view on the problem of the positive character. The history of the aging of Nikolai Gogol’s views on the healing value of laughter, the artist’s conscious orientation in upbringing of his contemporaries towards the active nature of shame and confession is traced in detail.
References
Bodrova A. S. «…Popravki byli vazhnye…»: K istorii teksta povesti N. V. Gogolia «Rim» [“...The amendments were important ...”: To the history of the text of the novel by N. V. Gogol “Rome”]. N. V. Gogol': Materialy i issledovaniia [N. V. Gogol: Materials and Research]. Moscow, A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2009, issue 2, pp. 7–40. (In Russ.)
Vengerov S. A. Pisatel'-grazhdanin. (Pis'ma N. V. Gogolia. Redaktsiia V. I. Shenroka. Izdanie A. F. Marksa. 4 toma. Spb. 1901) [Writer is a citizen. (Letters of N. V. Gogol. Editorial by V. I. Chenrok. Edition by A. F. Marx. 4 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1901)]. Russkoe bogatstvo [Russian wealth], 1902, № 2, pp. 122–145. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. Gogol’ — khudozhnik i myslitel’: Khristianskie osnovy mirosozertsaniya [Gogol Is an Artist and a Thinker: Christian Foundations of the World Outlook]. Moscow, The Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., Nasledie Publ., 2000, 448 p. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. “Delo, vziatoe iz dushi…” [“A Mission Coming from the Soul...”]. Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 17 tomakh (15 knigakh) [Gogol N. V. The Complete Works and Letters: in 17 Vols (15 Books)]. Moscow, Kiev, Moskovskaya Patriarkhiya Publ., 2009, vol. 5, pp. 530–571. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. Gogol' v vospominaniiakh, dnevnikakh, perepiske sovremennikov. Polnyi sistematicheskii svod dokumental'nykh svidetel'stv [Gogol in contemporaries’ memoirs, diaries and correspondence. Full systematic set of documentary evidence]. In 3 v. Moscow, A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2013, vol. 2, 1032 p. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. Blazhenny mirotvortsy. Ot povesti o dvukh Ivanakh k zamyslu “Mertvykh dush” [Blessed Are the Peacemakers. From the Story of the Two Ivans to the Idea of “Dead Souls”]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriia 9: Filologiia [Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 9. Philology], 2017, № 3, pp. 7–18. (In Russ.) (a)
Vinogradov I. A. Blazhenny mirotvortsy. Ot povesti o dvukh Ivanakh k zamyslu «Mertvykh dush» (prodolzhenie) [Blessed Are the Peacemakers. From the Story of the Two Ivans to the Idea of “Dead Souls” (The Continuation)]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriia 9: Filologiia [Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 9. Philology], 2017, № 4, pp. 51–67. (In Russ.) (b)
Vinogradov I. A. Samaia patrioticheskaia kniga nashei slovesnosti («Vybrannye mesta iz perepiski s druz'iami Nikolaia Gogolia») [The Most Patriotic Book of Our Literature (“The Selected Passages from Correspondence Between Nikolai Gogol and His Friends”)]. Aktual'nye voprosy izucheniia dukhovnoi i svetskoi slovesnosti [Actual Questions of Studying Spiritual and Secular Literature]. Moscow, U Nikitskikh vorot Publ., 2017, issue 1, pp. 77–94. (In Russ.) (c)
Vinogradov I. A. Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva N. V. Gogolia (1809–1852). S rodoslovnoi letopis'iu (1405–1808). Nauchnoe izdanie. V 7 tomakh [Chronicle of Life and Work of N. V. Gogol (1809–1852). With a Genealogical Chronicle (1405–1808): in 7 Vols]. Moscow, A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2017–2018, vol. 1–7. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. Literaturnaia propoved' N. V. Gogolia: pro et contra [The Literary Sermon of N. Gogol: Pro et Contra]. Problemy istoricheskoi poetiki [The Problems of Historical Poetics], 2018, vol. 16, № 2, pp. 49–124. (In Russ.) (a)
Vinogradov I. A. Neizvestnaia polemika N. V. Gogolia o nasledii M. Iu. Lermontova [Unknown polemic by N. V. Gogol on the legacy of M. Yu. Lermontov]. Svetskaia i dukhovnaia slovesnost' v Rossii XVIII–XIX vekov. Nauchnoe izdanie [Secular and spiritual literature in Russia of the 18th – 19th centuries. Scientific publication], editor M. I. Sherbakova. A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow, A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2018, Issue 2, pp. 5–18. (In Russ.) (b)
Vinogradov I. A. Strasti po Gogoliu. O dukhovnom nasledii pisatelia. Nauchno-populiarnoe izdanie [Passion for Gogol. On the spiritual heritage of the writer. Popular science publication]. Moscow, Veche Publ., 2018, 320 p. (In Russ.) (c)
Vinogradov I. A. Obraz monarkha-nastavnika v tvorchestve N. V. Gogolia [The image of the monarch-mentor in the works of N. V. Gogol]. Problemy istoricheskoi poetiki [Problems of Historical Poetics], 2019, vol. 17, № 2, pp. 111–134. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov I. A. Kniaz' V. F. Odoevskii, N. V. Gogol' i “Zhurnal Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del”: K postanovke problemy [Prince V. F. Odoevsky, N. V. Gogol and the “Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs”: On the statement of the problem]. Literatura i filosofiia: Ot romantizma k XX veku. K 150-letiiu so dnia smerti V. F. Odoevskogo [Literature and philosophy: From Romanticism to the 20th century. On the 150th anniversary of V. F. Odoevsky’s death], ed. and comp. E. A. Taho-Godi. Moscow, Vodolei Publ., 2019, pp. 58–70. (In Russ.) (b)
Vinogradov I. A. “Kogda v tovarishchakh soglas'ia net...” A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol', S. S. Uvarov [“When there is no agreement among comrades...” A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, S. S. Uvarov]. Dva veka russkoi klassiki [Two Centuries of Russian Classics], 2019, vol. 1, № 1, pp. 34–103. (In Russ.) (c)
Vinogradov I. A. Slavianofil'stvo i zapadnichestvo v spore o poeme N. V. Gogolia “Mertvye dushi”: nevostrebovannoe i zabytoe [Slavophilism and Westernism in the dispute about N. V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”: unclaimed and forgotten]. Dva veka russkoi klassiki [Two Centuries of Russian Classics], 2020, vol 2, № 1, pp. 62–153. (In Russ.) (a)
Vinogradov I. A. N. V. Gogol' i zakony Rossiiskoi Imperii: k edinstvu naslediia pisatelia [Nikolai Gogol and the laws of the Russian Empire: on the unity of the writer’s heritage]. Dva veka russkoi klassiki [Two centuries of the Russian classics], 2020, vol. 2, № 2, pp. 66–133. (In Russ.) (b)
Vinogradov I. A. Posluzhnoi spisok Gorodnichego v “Revizore”. K kharakteristike politicheskikh vzgliadov N. V. Gogolia [The Mayor’s career in “The Government Inspector”. On nikolai Gogol’s political views]. Literaturnyi fakt [Literary fact], 2020, № 1 (15), pp. 237–282. (In Russ.) (c)
Govorukha-Otrok Iu. N. Chemu nas uchit Gogol'? [What does Gogol teach us?]. Govorukha-Otrok Iu. N. Vo chto verovali russkie pisateli? Literaturnaia kritika i religiozno-filosofskaia publitsistika [What did Russian writers believe in? Literary criticism and religious-philosophical journalism], publication were prepared by A. P. Dmitriev and E. V. Ivanova. St. Petersburg, Rostock Publ., 2012, vol. 1, pp. 760–768. (In Russ.)
Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [The Complete Works: in 14 Vols]. Leningrad, The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1938, vol. 3, 728 p. (In Russ.)
Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [The Complete Works: in 14 Vols]. Leningrad, The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1951, vol. 4, 552 p. (In Russ.)
Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [The Complete Works: in 14 Vols]. Leningrad, The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1949, vol. 5, 512 p. (In Russ.)
Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [The Complete Works: in 14 Vols]. Leningrad, The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1951, vol. 6, 924 p. (In Russ.)
Gogol’ N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [The Complete Works: in 14 Vols]. Leningrad, The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1952, vol. 8, 816 p. (In Russ.)
Gogol' N. V. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem: V 17 tomakh (15 knigakh) [The Complete Works and Letters: in 17 Vols (15 Books)]. Moscow, Kiev, Moskovskaya Patriarkhiya, 2009–2010, vol. 1–17. (In Russ.)
Gregory the Sinaite, saint. Izhe vo sviatykh ottsa nashego Grigoriia Sinaita. Slovesa razlichnye o zapovedekh, dogmatekh, mukakh i obetovaniiakh; eshche zhe o pomyslekh, strastekh, dobrodetelekh, bezmolvii i molitve [Our Holy Father Gregory Sinait. Various words about commandments, dogmas, torments and promises, and also about thoughts, passions, virtues, silence and prayer]. Dobrotoliubie, ili slovesa i glavizny sviashchennogo trezveniia, sobrannye ot pisanii sviatykh i Bogodukhnovennykh otets [Philosophy, or words and chapters of sacred sobriety, collected from the writings of the saints and God-inspired fathers]. Moscow, 1793, part 1, sheet 76–99. (In Russ.)
Dostoevskii F. M. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 30 tomakh [Complete works: in 30 vols.]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1976, vol. 14, 512 p. (In Russ.)
Drizen N. V., Baron. Dramaticheskaia tsenzura dvukh epokh. 1825–1881 [Dramatic censorship of two eras. 1825-1881]. Petrograd: Prometheus Publ., 1917, 345 p. (In Russ.)
Zavitnevich V. Religiozno-nravstvennoe sostoianie N. V. Gogolia v poslednie gody ego zhizni [Religious and moral condition of N. V. Gogol in the last years of his life]. Pamiati Gogolia. Nauchno-literaturnyi sbornik, izdannyi Istoricheskim Obshchestvom Nestora-letopistsa [In memory of Gogol. A scientific and literary collection published by the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler], edited by N. P. Dashkevich. Kiev: Printing house of R. K. Lubkovsky Publ., 1902 <1903>, Division 2, pp. 338–424. (In Russ.)
Zen'kovskij V. N. V. Gogol'. Paris, YMCA-PRESS Publ., 1961, 262 p. (In Russ.)
Isaak Sirin, St. Tvoreniia izhe vo sviatykh Ottsa nashego avvy Isaaka Siriianina, podvizhnika i otshel'nika, byvshego episkopom khristoliubivogo grada Ninevii, Slova podvizhnicheskie [The creations of the saints of the Father of our Abba Isaac the Syrian, ascetic and hermit, former bishop of the Christ-loving city of Nineveh, are Words of Ascetic]. 3rd edition, revised. Sergiev Posad: Printing house of the Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra Publ., 1911, 668 p. (In Russ.)
Constantine (Zaitsev), archimandrite. Gogol' kak uchitel' zhizni [Gogol as a teacher of life]. N. V. Gogol' i Pravoslavie [N. V. Gogol and Orthodoxy], compiled by I. A. Vinogradov, V. A. Voropaev, itroductory article and notes by I. A. Vinogradov. Moscow, Father's House Publ., 2004, pp. 340–357. (In Russ.).
Lopukhin A. P. Bibleiskaia istoriia Vetkhogo i Novogo Zavetov. Polnoe izdanie v odnom tome [The biblical story of the Old and New Testaments. Full edition in one volume]. Moscow, Al'fa-kniga Publ., 2009, 1216 p. (In Russ.)
Lutsevich L. F. “Priznaniia moi ne imeiut nikakoi nravstvennoi tseli” (“Moia ispoved'” N. M. Karamzina) [“My confessions have no moral purpose” (“My Confession” by Nikolay Karamzin)]. Dva veka russkoi klassiki [Two centuries of the Russian classics], 2020, vol. 2, № 2, pp. 46–65. (In Russ.)
Odoevskii V. F. Romanticheskie povesti [Romance novels], foreword, introductory article and editorial board of Orest Tsehnovitser. Leningrad, Priboy Publ., 1929, 398 p. (In Russ.)
Petrov N. I. Novye materialy dlia izucheniia religiozno-nravstvennykh vozzrenii N. V. Gogolia [New materials for the study of religious and moral views of N. V. Gogol]. Trudy Kievskoi Dukhovnoi akademii [Proceedings of the Kiev Theological Academy], 1902, № 6, pp. 270–317. (In Russ.)
Pisarev D. I. Genrikh Geine [Heinrich Heine]. Sochineniia D. I. Pisareva. V 10 chastyakh. 1866–1869 [Compositions by D.I. Pisarev. In 10 parts. 1866–1869], edition of F. Pavlenkov. St. Petersburg, Printing house A. Golovacheva Publ., 1867, part 4. 159 + 71 pp. Pagination 1. Articles are critical, 159 p., pp. 48–100. (In Russ.) (a)
Pisarev D. I. Nashi usypiteli [Our lullers]. Sochineniia D. I. Pisareva. V 10 chastyakh. 1866–1869 [Compositions by D. I. Pisarev. In 10 parts. 1866–1869], edition of F. Pavlenkov. St. Petersburg, Printing house of A. Golovachev Publ., 1867, part 4. 159 + 71 p. Pagination 2. Polemic articles. 71 p., pp. 3–19. (In Russ.) (b)
Pushkin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 16 tomakh [Complete Works: in 16 volumes]. Moscow, Leningrad, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1837–1959. Vol. 13. Perepiska, 1815–1827 [Correspondence, 1815–1827], editorial D. D. Blagoy, 1937, 651 p. (In Russ.)
Tikhonravov N. Primechaniia redaktora i varianty [Notes of the editor and options]. Sochineniia N. V. Gogolia. 10-e izdanie [Works of N. V. Gogol. 10th edition], the text is verified with the author’s own manuscripts and the initial editions of his works by N. Tikhonravov. Moscow, 1889, vol. 5, pp. 541–682. (In Russ.)
Turgenev I. S. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem: v 30 tomakh. Pis'ma: v 18 tomakh [The Complete Works and Letters: in 30 Vols. Letters: in 18 Vols.], 2nd edition, amended and supplemented. Moscow, Science Publ., 2014, vol. 15, book 2, 766 p. (In Russ.)
Theophan the Recluse, saint. Mysli na kazhdyi den' goda po tserkovnym chteniiam iz slova Bozhiia. Kratkie poucheniia [Thoughts for every day of the year according to church readings from the word of God. Brief teachings]. Moscow, Rule of Faith Publ., 2009, 400 p. (In Russ.)
Chagovets Vsevolod. Na rodine Gogolia. (Relikvii) [In the homeland of Gogol. (Relics)]. Kievskaia Gazeta [Kiev Newspaper], 1901, October 21, № 291, p. 4. (In Russ.)
