Abstract: For the first time, the contemporaries’ debate about “Dead Souls” is seen in the broad context of the formation of the two main ideologies of the Russian society of the 1840s — Slavophilism and Westernism. The story of the birth of the plot, publication and reading perception of Konstantin Aksakov’s famous article “A Few Remarks on the poema “The Wanderings of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol” is thoroughly explored. Nikolai Gogol’s special position in relation to Konstantin Aksakov’s dispute with Vissarion Belinsky is marked, and also Nikolai Gogol’s assessment of Homer’s epic is closely related to that position. What is among the problems that have been for the first time solved, is the definition of the main traits of the author’s understanding of the genre of “Dead Souls”. The article consists of eleven sections: 1. Conflicting opinions on Nikolai Gogol’s novel among Slavophils and Westernisers; 2. The birth of Konstantin Aksakov’s and Vissarion Belinsky’s controversy about “Dead Souls”; 3. Opponents and defenders of Konstantin Aksakov’s brochure; 4. Gogol's comments on Aksakov's brochure: commentators mistake; 5. The cultural and historical context of “Dead Souls” controversy, the background to the dispute between Konstantin Aksakov and Vissarion Belinsky; 6. Paphos claims, the author’s definition of the genre of “Dead Souls” and the formation of the intent of Konstantin Aksakov’s article; 7. The author’s understanding of the genre of “Dead Souls” and Vissarion Belinsky’s interpretation of the novel; 8. Konstantin Aksakov’s underestimation of the religious denunciation of “dead souls”; 9. Nikolai Gogol and Konstantin Aksakov in relation to Homer’s poems; 10. Nikolai Gogol on the origins of his creative work and the appreciation of Nikolai Gogol’s poetics constituent by the Aksakovs; 11. The Aksakovs as “Dead Souls” characters.
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